Abstract Lychnophora pinaster, known as arnica-mineira, is endemic to campos rupestres, at risk of extinction. The present study aimed to characterize the ecogeography and phenolic constituents of 11 L. pinaster populations collected in the mesoregions North, Jequitinhonha, Metropolitan of Belo Horizonte and Campos das Vertentes in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Phenolic constituents were identified and quantified by Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry. Lychnophora pinaster occurs in sites at high altitude (700 and 1498 m), annual rainfall of up to 1455 m, soils with low fertility and predominantly loamy texture. Therefore, it can be considered tolerant to acidic soils, with low availability of nutrient. The most abundant substances in all populations were vitexin (18 – 1345 ng/g) and chlorogenic acid (60 – 767 ng/g). The 11 populations formed four groups in relation to the phenolic constituents, with group 1 consisting of the populations of the North Mesoregion (GM, OD) and Jetiquinhonha (DIMa), group 2, the Metropolitan of Belo Horizonte (SRM, NLSC, SM, RPS, CTRA), group 3, the North Mesoregion (ODMa and DI), and group 4, the Campos das Vertentes (CC). Among the populations, only those from the Metropolitan of Belo Horizonte showed correlation of soil properties with phenolic constituents.

ABSTRACT This study describes for the first time the chemical composition and olfactive description of floral scent from Brazilian Passiflora (Passiflora edulis Sim, Passiflora alata Curtis, Passiflora cincinnata Mast., Passiflora coccinea Aubl. and Passiflora quadrangularis L.). Five species were grown in greenhouse at the Agronomic Institute (IAC), São Paulo, Brazil. Volatile compounds were collected using dynamic headspace. Analyses of scent composition were performed by gas chromatograph coupled to mass spectrometer. Identification of chemical constituents was conducted through of retention index followed by comparative analysis of mass spectra with specialized databases. The olfactive descriptions of floral scent from each species was evaluated for a professional perfumer. High interspecific diversity was found between chemical compositions of floral scent within Passiflora and different bouquets were observed amount the studied species. Mayor constituents were linalool (P. alata), geraniol (P. quadrangularis), 1,4-dimethoxybenzene (P. edulis), benzaldehyde (P. cincinnata) and 2-methyl-3-pentanone (P. coccinea).

The volatile compounds of raw and extruded bovine rumen, extracted by dynamic headspace, were separated by gas chromatography and analyzed by GC-MS. Raw and extruded materials presented thirty-two volatile compounds. The following compounds were identified in raw bovine rumen: heptane, 1-heptene, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, toluene, hexanal, ethyl butyrate, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, heptanal, limonene, nonanal, dodecane, tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane, heptadecane and octadecane. The following compounds were identified in the extruded material: 1-heptene, 2,4-dimethylhexane, toluene, limonene, undecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane, heptadecane, octadecane and nonadecane. Mass spectra of some unidentified compounds indicated the presence of hydrocarbons with branched chains or cyclic structure.

Volatile compounds from green and roasted yerba mate were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and the flavor profile from yerba mate beverages was determined by descriptive quantitative analyses. The main compounds tentatively identified in green mate were linalool, alpha-terpineol and trans-linalool oxide and in roasted mate were (E,Z)-2,4-heptadienal isomers and 5-methylfurfural. Green mate infusion was qualified as having bitter taste and aroma as well as green grass aroma while roasted mate was defined as having a smooth, slightly burnt aroma. The relationship between the tentatively identified compounds and flavor must be determined by olfatometric analysis.

Entre as ervas aromáticas, o manjericão possui importância econômica no Brasil, sendo seu consumo tanto in natura quanto para processamento industrial, na obtenção de óleo essencial. Porém, as informações quanto à qualidade aromática dessas plantas em função das técnicas de cultivo são escassas. Avaliou-se a produtividade de duas espécies de manjericão, de folha estreita (Ocimum minimum L.) e de folha larga (Ocimum basilicum L.) em ambiente protegido. Os sistemas de cultivo utilizados foram: 1) hidroponia (floating); 2) substrato preparado e 3) substrato comercial. As amostragens foram realizadas durante o período de florescimento das plantas. O experimento foi realizado em Campinas (SP), em casa de vegetação com controle de umidade e iluminação naturais, utilizando-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Foram avaliados também o rendimento e composição química dos óleos essenciais das plantas. O sistema hidropônico apresentou a maior produtividade de massa verde, aproximadamente 44% superior aos outros dois tipos de cultivo, para ambas as espécies estudadas. Não houve diferença significativa entre as formas de cultivo quanto ao rendimento e composição química dos óleos essenciais dentro da mesma espécie. Quanto à produção de óleo essencial, as plantas de manjericão de folha estreita apresentaram rendimento aproximadamente 10% mais elevado em relação às de folha larga, além de diferenças significativas na composição dos óleos essenciais entre as espécies.

Among the aromatical herbs, basil is of great economic importance in Brazil. This species is used as fresh herb and also for essential oil extraction. To evaluate the productivity of basil in protected environment, two species, Ocimum minimum L. (narrow leaf basil) and Ocimum basilicum L. (wide leaf basil) were cultivated under greenhouse conditions, using a hydroponic system and two types of substrata. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three repetitions. Samples were obtained during the flowering period. The yield and the chemical composition of the essential oils were evaluated. The highest yield of green mass from the two species, was obtained in the hydroponic system, with higher productivity (aprox. 44%) than the plants cultivated in prepared commercial substratum. Plants of Ocimum minimum L. produced more essential oil (aprox. 10%) than plants of Ocimum basilicum L. Significant differences were found in the chemical composition of essential oil between species. No differences were observed in the chemical composition of essential oil, comparing the three cultivation systems.

Ocimum selloi Benth, planta nativa do Brasil de uso medicinal, tem sido utilizada como antidiarréico, antiespasmódico e antiinflamatório. O rendimento dos óleos essenciais das inflorescências, contendo flores e sementes, foi de 0,6% e das folhas, coletadas em duas épocas do ano, foi de 0,25% (junho/00) e 0,20% (janeiro/01), respectivamente. Os óleos essenciais das inflorescências e folhas apresentaram como constituintes majoritários o trans-anethol (41,34%, 45,42%, 58,59%) e methyl chavicol (27,10%, 24,14%, 29,96%).

Ocimum selloi Benth, a native plant of Brazil, has medicinal uses as anti-diarrheic, antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory product. The yield of essential oils of the inflorescences, containing flowers and seeds, was 0.6%, and the yield of leaves, collected in two different seasons, was 0.25% (June 2000) and 0.20% (January 2001), respectively. The essential oils of the inflorescences and leaves presented as major constituents trans-anethol (41.34%, 45.42%, 58.59%) and methyl chavicol (27.10%, 24.14%, 29.96%).